Insulin, the vital hormone that regulates blood sugar, is produced by the beta ($\beta$) cells of the pancreas. When these cells are completely destroyed and lose their ability to secrete insulin, Type 1 diabetes occurs. When their function weakens over time, Type 2 diabetes develops. Even after a diagnosis, neglecting blood sugar management can cause beta cell function to deteriorate significantly, eventually requiring external insulin therapy. To protect this vital organ, we must understand the intricate relationship between blood sugar and insulin.
Understanding Insulin: The Mechanism of Lowering Blood Sugar
The carbohydrates we consume—such as rice, noodles, bread, and potatoes—are digested and absorbed into the bloodstream as glucose. This is what we measure as blood sugar. At this stage, insulin secreted by the pancreas acts as a key, delivering glucose from the blood to various organs for energy.
According to the Korean Diabetes Association, insulin secretion is directly influenced by blood sugar concentration. When glucose levels rise, insulin helps bodily tissues absorb that sugar, thereby lowering blood sugar levels. However, if insulin secretion is impaired, the body cannot regulate glucose on its own, leading to the progression of diabetes.
Insulin Sensitivity vs. Insulin Resistance
Even if the pancreas secretes insulin, it may not function effectively—a condition known as insulin resistance. In this state, glucose cannot enter the cells, causing blood sugar to remain elevated. Consequently, the body requires more insulin to achieve the same glucose-lowering effect. Abdominal obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and excessive calorie intake are primary drivers of increased insulin resistance.
Conversely, insulin sensitivity refers to how effectively the body’s organs respond to insulin. The higher the sensitivity, the less insulin the body requires to regulate blood sugar, and the more efficiently glucose is cleared from the bloodstream.
Protecting the Pancreas: How to Manage Blood Sugar Effectively
Overeating and prolonged sitting can "overwork" the pancreas, leading to a decline in insulin secretion. If this overload occurs repeatedly, the pancreas may eventually lose its secretory function entirely—a common outcome for those who have lived with diabetes for many years.
For those in the prediabetes stage, "protecting the pancreas" is the most critical step in preventing a lifelong dependence on medication. This involves avoiding overeating and consuming carbohydrates and fats in moderation. It is also highly beneficial to engage in physical activity 30 minutes to one hour after a meal—the period when blood sugar begins to rise. Preventing frequent blood sugar spikes is essential, as these spikes trigger excessive fat accumulation and subsequent weight gain.
The Concerning Surge in Pancreatic Cancer
Recent data shows a significant increase in pancreatic cancer. In 2023 alone, there were 9,748 new cases, making it the 8th most common cancer in South Korea. Notably, there is almost no gender gap in incidence (4,925 men vs. 4,823 women), regardless of smoking or drinking habits.
Experts point to dietary habits as a major factor. Diets high in calories, simple carbohydrates, and fats put an immense burden on the pancreas. If diabetes develops suddenly or if previously stable blood sugar becomes difficult to control, pancreatic cancer screening is strongly advised.
Because Koreans generally have smaller pancreases compared to Westerners, adopting a high-calorie Western diet can lead to organ failure more quickly. To maintain health, one must consume carbohydrates and fats in appropriate amounts and remain diligent in physical activity.
