While often perceived as a female-specific disease, breast cancer can also occur in men. The structure of the male breast is identical to that of a woman, containing glandular tissue, ducts, and lobules—simply in much smaller quantities and with less fat. Because many men do not consider breast cancer a personal health risk, the disease is frequently discovered at an advanced stage, leading to lower survival rates.
Why Men Must Remain Vigilant
According to data released by the National Cancer Registration Headquarters in January, South Korea saw 29,871 new breast cancer cases in 2023. While only 156 of those patients were male, the small figure should not lead to complacency. Because symptoms are easily overlooked or dismissed in daily life, male breast cancer is often diagnosed only after it has metastasized, making treatment significantly more difficult. Early detection remains the most critical factor for a successful cure.
Risk Factors and Warning Signs
According to the National Cancer Information Center, a family history of breast or ovarian cancer significantly increases incidence rates for both sexes. Research suggests that mutations in the BRCA2 gene are particularly strong indicators of male breast cancer risk. Other contributing factors include:
Liver Disease: Cirrhosis and heavy alcohol consumption can alter hormone metabolism.
Hormonal Imbalances: Obesity and estrogen therapy.
Testicular Issues: Conditions such as undescended testicles.
The most common symptom is a hard, painless lump situated directly beneath the nipple or areola. If a mass is felt in the breast or nipple area, a clinical examination is necessary to determine if the growth is a benign lump or a cancerous tumor.
When Genetic Testing and Screening Are Necessary
Genetic testing is recommended for men if two or more family members have had breast cancer, if there is a family history of ovarian cancer, or if a male relative has been diagnosed with breast cancer. Men in high-risk categories should perform monthly self-exams, using their hands to check for unusual masses. Additionally, clinical screenings and breast imaging at a hospital are recommended once or twice per year for those at elevated risk.
The Long-Term Challenge of Recurrence
Breast cancer carries a high risk of recurrence, requiring lifelong vigilance even after successful treatment. Approximately 80% to 90% of recurrences appear within five years of the initial treatment, but cases can emerge 10, 15, or even 20 years later. A patient treated in their 50s may still face a recurrence in their 70s. Because recurrent cancer often involves more severe pain and a higher mortality risk, patients and survivors of both genders must maintain consistent follow-up care.
